The Dinosaurs of Flaming Cliffs

The Dinosaurs of Flaming Cliffs Area Mongolia Date of Fossil Sediments Late Cretaceous (85 million years prior) Dinosaurs Discovered Protoceratops, Oviraptor, Velociraptor, Therizinosaurus About the Flaming Cliffs Formation Not all pieces of the world had considerably various atmospheres 85 million years back than they do today. During the late Cretaceous time frame, for instance, Antarctica was substantially more calm than it is currently, however Mongolias Gobi Desert appears to have been as hot, dry and fierce as its consistently been. We know this from the way that such huge numbers of the dinosaur fossils uncovered at the Flaming Cliffs development seem to have been covered in unexpected dust storms, and that not very many enormous dinosaurs (which would have required similarly a lot of vegetation to endure) lived here. Flaring Cliffs was investigated in 1922 by the buccaneering pilgrim Roy Chapman Andrews, who committed one of paleontologys suffering errors when he blamed Oviraptor for taking eggs having a place with Protoceratops (it was resolved, decades later, that the Oviraptor example had been guarding its own eggs). This site is likewise near the area where scientists uncovered the tangled survives from a Protoceratops and a Velociraptor, which seem to have been secured a passing battle at the hour of their abrupt destruction. At the point when dinosaurs passed on at Flaming Cliffs, they kicked the bucket rapidly: internment by wild dust storms is the best way to represent the revelation of this dinosaur pair (just as various, close total Protoceratops skeletons discovered remaining in the upstanding position). Something that makes Flaming Cliffs such a sentimental fossil goal is its articulate remoteness, topographically, from any close by stations of human progress; the most thickly occupied areas of China are at any rate a thousand miles away. At the point when Andrews made his memorable outing a century back, he needed to bring arrangements deserving of a polar campaign, including a huge group of nearby aides mounted riding a horse, and he set off in a snowstorm of press inclusion and well known praise (truth be told, Andrews was at any rate mostly the motivation for Harrison Fords character in the Indiana Jones motion pictures.) Today, this locale of Mongolia is more available to committed scientistss, yet at the same time not a spot the normal family would decide to take some time off. A portion of different dinosaurs found at Flaming Cliffs (next to the well known ones related above) incorporate the since quite a while ago outfitted Deinocheirus (presently distinguished as a fledgling copy dinosaur, alongside its Mongolian contemporary Gallimimus), the tyrannosaurs Alioramus and Tarbosaurus, and the odd, shaggy Therizinosaurus.

The Science of How Slime Works

The Science of How Slime Works You think about sludge. Youve either made it as a science venture or, in all likelihood blown the normal form out your nose. Do you realize what makes ooze unique in relation to a standard fluid? Investigate the study of what sludge is, the means by which it structures, and its extraordinary properties. What Is Slime? Sludge streams like a fluid, yet not at all like natural fluids (e.g., oil, water), its capacity to stream or thickness isn't consistent. Along these lines, its a liquid, yet not an ordinary fluid. Researchers call a material that changes thickness a non-Newtonian liquid. The specialized clarification is that sludge is a liquid that changes its capacity to oppose misshapening as per shear or tractable pressure. This means, when you pour sludge or let it overflow through your finger, it has a low thickness and streams like a thick fluid. At the point when you crush non-Newtonian sludge, as oobleck, or pound it with your clench hand, it feels hard, similar to a wet strong. This is on the grounds that applying pressure crushes the particles in the sludge together, making it difficult for them to slide against one another. Most kinds of sludge are additionally instances of polymers. Polymers are atoms made by connecting together chains of subunits. Instances of Slime A characteristic type of ooze is mucous, which comprises of for the most part of water, the glycoprotein mucin, and salts. Water is the fundamental fixing in some different sorts of human-made ooze, as well. The great science venture ooze formula blends paste, borax, and water. Oobleck is a blend of starch and water. Different kinds of sludge are mostly oils as opposed to water. Models incorporate Silly Putty and electroactive ooze. How Slime Works The points of interest of how a sort of ooze functions relies upon its compound piece, however the fundamental clarification is that synthetic concoctions are blended to shape polymers. The polymers go about as a net, with atoms sliding against one another. For a particular model, consider the substance responses that produce exemplary paste and borax sludge: Two arrangements are joined to make exemplary sludge. One is weakened school stick or polyvinyl liquor in water. The other arrangement is borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) in water.Borax disintegrates in water into sodium particles, Na, and tetraborate ions.The tetraborate particles respond with water to create the OH-particle and boric acid:B4O72-(aq) 7 H2O - 4 H3BO3(aq) 2 OH-(aq)Boric corrosive responds with water to shape borate ions:H3BO3(aq) 2 H2O - B(OH)4-(aq) H3O(aq)Hydrogen securities structure between the borate particle and the OH gatherings of the polyvinyl liquor atoms from the paste, connecting them together to frame another polymer (ooze). The cross-connected polyvinyl liquor traps a great deal of water, so ooze is wet. You can alter the consistency of ooze by controlling the proportion of paste to borax. On the off chance that you have an overabundance of weakened paste, contrasted and a borax arrangement, youll limit the quantity of cross-connects that can shape and get an increasingly liquid sludge. You can likewise alter the formula by constraining the measure of water that you use. For instance, you could blend the borax arrangement straightforwardly with stick. This creates a hardened sludge.

Analysis of the Fairy Tale, Synopsis, Actors Chemistry - 825 Words

Theatre: Cinderella, Analysis of the Fairy Tale, Synopsis, Actors Chemistry (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateCinderellaSynopsisCinderella is living a high life with her parents which immediately stall when they get deceased. Her life gets entangled with cruel stepmother and scheming stepsisters, Clorinda and Tisbe. Ironically, she remains with a pure heart despite being bombarded with house chores (Pelhan 2013). The prince of the area throws a ball in an attempt to get himself a princess. The jolly stepsisters acknowledge the invitation and leave Cinderella at home to complete her chores. A disheartened Cinderella falls asleep at her fireplace. Unexpectedly, her fairy grandmother appears and helps transform the sleeping Cinderella into a beautiful princess. Cinderella is jubilant but weary of her stepsisters recognition at the ball but her gets magic slippers from the grandmother to make her unrecognizable on a condition she gets home by midnight, or she gets the spell broken. Meanwhile, ladies at the ball have selfish interests on princes wealth. The prince is disguised in his servants clothes. Driven by their egotistic interests, the sisters fight for the princes page and ridicule the actual prince. Upon Cinderellas arrival, the prince immediately falls in love and dance with her. Soon, the clock ticks midnight sets for home, unfortunately, leaving one of her sleepers. The Prince sleeper takes the shoe to Cinderella while still disguised despite the objections from the sisters. They get married and in a beautiful kingdom, they live a happy lifeAnalysis of the Fairy TaleThe theme of the story in this setting is to warn people in the society who do not treat people fairy and in a just manner. It is aimed at condemning individuals who sabotage the dreams of others because of their conditions. This fairy tale has been chosen as a perfect suit of prevalent conditions the orphans in todays world are subjected to. The unlucky ones are usually intimidated by the society.Q.1a)With an unlimited budget, the casting of fairy story would e mploy renowned Televisa actors the likes of Alfonso Herera, to act as Prince and Sandra Echeverria to act as the helpless Cinderella. Others like Arambula, Maite Perroni, and Ana Brenda Contreras would be enlisted to work as the stepsisters.b)Televisa actors are renowned in the USA hence by casting these quality actors into the play will make the audience remember this show fondly.c) Actors ChemistryThe relationship between the stepsisters and Cinderella is cold though Cinderella is goodhearted. Cinderellas purity of heart is also portrayed when she offers the beggar food.The relation of step-sisters is strong as together they ridicule and forcefully overworks Cinderella.Prince and the servant are more of a servant-leadership relation best described when they get disguised.After their marriage, the princess and the prince live happily a reflection of a solid relationship constituted by love.Q.2 Characters Costumes.Cinderella- At first before her parents death, Cinderella will have a trendy outfit which will change upon their death. She will be in old fashioned attires since there is nobody to care for her. In the palace, Cinderella will be in expensive clothes perfected by gold coated jewellery and rings.Stepsisters- Very trendy at all times.Beggar-In dirty rugsPrince- Stylishly dressed with gold plated ornaments.Servant- Also stylishly dressed as his relationship with his leader is good....

Women s Politics During Politics Essay - 1314 Words

WOMEN IN POLITICS WOMEN IN POLITICS Contents 1. Introduction 2. Women in politics in India 3. Challenges faced by women in politics 4. Political participation of women in India current situation 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction Women are a very important part of our society. Starting from our childhood when we are born women as a mother is the only one because of which we become part of this beautiful world. Then she takes care of you as a mother. As a grandmother she tells you stories of fairy ghosts. In the childhood when you are not able to sleep she as a mother tells you Lori so that you can easily sleep. Thereafter in the same childhood when you commit some mistakes then she as a sister saves you from your father’s anger. Then when you are young she comes to your life as a wife becomes a very important part of your life she is with you in your good and bad times. And hence she helps you in every single step of your life then only you become a complete person. So women’s contribution is very immense in the social economic development of various communities in the world. Their political involvement may not be that much in the past but current women’s participation in politics all over the world is witnessing huge increase in leaps and bounds. In India and other developing countries only a few women are actively involved in both high level politics and decision making positions. Women’s participation in politics in the developing world is concentratedShow MoreRelatedWomen s Involvement During Politics Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s involvement in politics in the United States began with their activism for abolitionism. Once they realized they had a voice, women decided that their voice would be heard, and the suffrage movement was born. But it was never enough for women to just pick one of the old, straight, white guys and vote for him; they wanted to be able to show candidates who they supported and let the rest of the country know too. Women would be active members of their democracies, so they began running campaignsRead MoreEssay on Lack of Women Holding Office in Sub-Saharan African Politics1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhile women make up a majority of the population in Africa, the number of representatives of women in parliament is substantially less than men. The underrepresentation of women in politics is problematic because the empowerment of women and the development of a society relies on the success of maintaining gender equity. Though this is an international issue, I plan to focus on representation of women in politics in sub-Saharan Africa. I hope to explore why the percentage of women in politics is smallerRead MoreThe Victorian Era Was A Time Of Extremes. There Was Fancy1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victorian Era was a time of extremes. There was fancy city streets and gas lamps.The victorian era was also a time of exploring. Since the people s frontier towns were born every where around the world , the victorians took them their val ues. The Victorian era was influenced by the reform act 1832 and the subsequent acts. This period also marked by extreme diversities with the industrial reforms, cultural progress, scientific advancement on one hand and poverty and wars on the other. The victorianRead MoreFeminism : Women And Women908 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism Throughout history women have struggled to show their value juxtaposed to men. Women are often downgraded economically, politically and socially just because they are female’s. The struggle between women in the 1800s is similar to the struggle women have now. Equal rights for women are still being campaigned now as much as it was during the 1800s. The connotation of feminism has been created to be a negative word .Just like people believe women should be equal to men, many othersRead MoreThe World Progress Without The Progression Of Women s Rights Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pages Women, throughout the history of western civilization, have struggled to fight for their rights as equal citizens. The problem of gender inequality has been prevalent for centuries. The movement for equal opportunity has gained traction in different eras but is still far from complete. Today, we are faced with an America that has made a choice. It has made a choice for division, for stagnancy and for retrogression. Women have been subtly told that their value does not rest in politics, nor in businessRead MoreBlack Feminist Politics And Praxis1293 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Feminist Politics and Praxis in Respect to UConn Reads Active Learning Activity Black Feminist Politics and theory grew out of many black women s feelings of dissatisfaction following the civil rights era, and the white female feminist movement throughout the 1960-1970s. During the early conceptualization process of black feminist theory, the women of this new movement, specifically Kimberlà © Crenshaw, came to name the term â€Å"intersectionality theory.† Black Feminist Politics and theory arguesRead MoreFrida Film Analysis Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesFrida and the Role of Women During the 1930’s and 1940’s, women of the world held virtually one role and one role only†¦homemaker. This was no different for the women of Mexico, except for one woman in particular, Frida Kahlo. Frida refused to accept the current ideals of society and the accepted social norms by engaging in things that few women in history ever had. Frida was involved in politics, she was promiscuous with men and women, she painted pictures of herself in ways that had never beenRead MorePolitics By William Butler Yeats Analysis1228 Words   |  5 PagesWomen have been in a constant war with themselves and society since the dawn of Adam and Eve. Adam, being the man, is seen as unmistakable and only slightly less perfect than an angel. Eve, on the other hand, is the beginning of all sin and death in the world. To no one s surprise, women still face titles as degrading as Eve’s in this day and age. â€Å"Politics† by William Butler Yeats is a poem about this c onstant raging war women face. Yeats cleverly tells a story about a man and a girl to send aRead MoreWomen And The Presidency : Ending The Misogyny1730 Words   |  7 PagesGary Hall Dr. Anderson ENGL102-28 29 March 2017 Women The Presidency: Ending the Misogyny Looking back to high school American history class, one can open the textbook to the reference section and gaze at the page listing all the previous presidents that served: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, Barack Obama, etc. The one thing that all the former presidents have in common is that they are all men. Never in the 200-plus years of American history has a woman served as PresidentRead MoreWomen s Struggle For Women By Susan B. Anthony, Sarah And Angelina Grimke, And Lucy Stone863 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history, women have struggled to show their value juxtaposed to men. Women are often downgraded economically, politically and socially just because they are female’s. The struggle between women in the 1800s is similar to the struggle women have now. Equal rights for women are still being campaigned now as much as it was during the 1800s (Richard Chused). The connotation of feminism has been created to be a negative word .Just like p eople believe women should be equal to men, many

The Enlightenment The Age Of Reason - 1126 Words

The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an important period in the history of Western Civilization during the 17th and 18th centuries - a time of social turmoil where societies were divided between social groups and struggled for freedom, equality and democracy (Seidman, 2008: 6). This time gave rise to remarkable social thinkers, known as Enlighteners, who pioneered a new science of society (Seidman, 2008: 5). These highly educated Enlighteners believed the world could be rationally understood and organized by applying a scientific method using reason and research. The Enlightenment sparked intellectual development and revolution in philosophical thought, generating vast political, philosophical and scientific advances. They believed that traditional social values and institutions were irrational and inhibited human growth and development, thus challenging the power of religious bodies like the Catholic Church, political regimes of Europe’s monarchies and landed aristocracy (Ritzer, 2000: 12). Mary Wollstonecraft was a liberal feminist and philosopher during this time. As the Enlightenment was generally thought to be a skepticism about and revision of institutions, Wollstonecraft exemplifies this transformation in social thinking. She was philosophically opposed to the institution of marriage, particularly how the law granted rights to a husband and deprived the wife. She refused to conform to the traditional values and rejected marriage because of herShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment Period : The Age Of Reason1332 Words   |  6 PagesAge of Awareness The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a highly intellectual movement of the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century Europe. This development highlighted reasoning, equality and more of a humanistic approach was taken as opposed to traditional practice. This period was heavily influenced by scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual stimulation. The plan of this era was to reform society and the way it used reasoning as well as oppose longRead MoreThe Age Of Reason Or Known As The Enlightenment1189 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Romantic Movement it was the Age of Reason or commonly known as the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was a period of scientific rationalization and scientific methods, it was an advanced way of observing the world. This time period rejected the idea’s of the church and celebrated the rational mind. Many of the enlightenment thinkers, â€Å" believed in rationalism and trusted human reason to solve the many pr oblems of life and society, and emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanityRead More Was The Enlightenment Really The Age of Reason? Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Reason does not work instinctively, but requires trial, practice, and instruction in order to gradually progress from one level of insight to another† Immanuel Kant. Kant’s opinion of reason is that it is a force, which is ever-evolving and constantly building on previous insights. The Enlightenment is a historical period referring to the intellectual movement that swept across Europe in the 18th century. To tackle this question, I will be looking at two texts. The essays, ‘An Answer to the Question:Read MoreEnlightenment Essay example532 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment Do we at present live in enlightened age? What is enlightenment? Immanuel Kant attempts to clarify the meaning of enlightenment while composing the essay, What is Enlightenment?. The goal of Kants essay was to discuss what the nature of enlightenment was. It also taught one how enlightenment can be brought about in the general public. Kant explains that, enlightenment is mans release from his self-incurred immaturity. Immaturity is mans incompetence to have directionRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period of history throughout the mid-decades of the seventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early EnlightenmentRead MoreThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift Within The Era1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift The Enlightenment era, between the 1500s and 1800s was a predominately intellectual movement that saw the development of new ideas, major changes in Church-State relations and scientific discoveries that are still fundamental today. Until the Renaissance and Reformation period the Church, from the ancient to medieval ages, had total domination. The Renaissance era set the ball rolling for the Enlightenment with the beginning of scientific inquiry and search forRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason and whose works have revolutionizedRead MoreKant s Views On The Enlightenment And Modernity923 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion are J.J. Rousseau and I. Kant. Both thinkers agreed that the Enlightenment would change society as they knew it, that it would allow the human being to develop, both individually and socially. I will consider both thinker’s attitudes as regards to the Enlightenment and Modernity, the individual, and finally to the individual’s responsibility in helping humanity progress towards a peaceful international community. The Enlightenment is the social and cultural period that brought about European ModernityRead MoreThe Enlightenment By Thomas Paine And John Locke1709 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Paper: The Enlightenment The eighteenth century embraced the beginning of an opinionated movement for new thinking about once unquestioned truths and actions. This movement, known as the enlightenment was more than a period of advanced ideas, as this unfamiliar way of thinking also lead to a change in the way that people began to operate within society. The ambition was lead by the attempt to break free from the past, overturning old ideas and moving forward. Enlightenment thinkers helpedRead More Age of Reason Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pages An Age of Reason â€Å"Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.† This brief quotation was spoken by the famous writer and philosopher Voltaire; I believe it vaguely points out that some people are full of absurd ideas, and for others to follow such nonsense is foolish. The quote is just a taste of Voltaire’s wisdom and knowledge of the world, during the Age of Reason. The Age of Reason or The Enlightenment is defined as a change in not just a way of thinking

Portfolio Management Business Projects

Question: Discuss about the Portfolio ManagementforBusiness Projects. Answer: Business Projects, development Projects, technical Projects are three types of projects. Project manager leads and directs the human resource. He is the mentor for seeing that the methodologies and tools used are right and according to the demand of the task. He evaluates performance and also provides task related training. (Kerzner,2015) Based on their knowledge, experience and expertise project managers are assigned a project whereas a functional manager lacks expertise to be a project manager. Project managers are assigned by the project sponsors to coordinate the project. Generally project mangers report to the project sponsors and inform them about all project requirements. Power does not transfer to the project managers from line mangers unless the organization is set up only for projects. Career path and career growth is easier in line management because project management is slightly difficult; to have successful career path in project management project success is needed. I am more inclined towards having a career path and career growth in line management. Different organizational structure: Hierarchy Having many levels of employees all reporting upwards to their team leaders. Pro- Less communication problem and coordination problem Cons- Can only be applied in small organizational. Flat- Having few levels but the span of control is very wide. Matrix- It combines all employees, both hierarchy and flat organizational structure. It can only be applied for project related organizations.( Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2015) There should be therapy seminars and sessions conducted in every 15 days, it depends upon the type of the project but 15 days is an ideal interval for these sessions. Project manager directly reports to project sponsors. Functional team members report to the team leader, department head and the senior management. They have three to four supervisors above them. Functional mangers report to the head of their department, branch manager and the head of the organization. References Clegg, S. R., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2015).Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Kerzner, H. (2015).Project Management 2.0. John Wiley Sons.

Speech for Taekwondo Essay Example

Speech for Taekwondo Essay Good morning to my esteemed teachers and classmates. What does Roundhouse, Chop, Side, Turning Back, Jumping front kick, Blocks and Sparring all have in common. No, they are not the ingredients my dad puts in his spicy Chile! It is the Korean Martial Art called Tae Kwon Do. Taekwondo means, the way of the foot and the fist. It is a form of self-defense using your bare hands and feet. Taekwondo dates back over 2000 years but has become one of the most popular sports in the world over the past 50 years. Taekwondo is participated by more than 40 million people in 142 countries in the world! Taekwondo has many kicks and special moves. The Roundhouse and Chop Kick are the basic kicks you learn when you begin taking lessons in Taekwondo. The Turning back and Jumping front kick are the more difficult kicks to learn. Other special moves include blocks which use hands, arms and knees to force incoming attacks away from your body. My final point I want to tell you about Taekwondo is yelling. When doing powerful moves, kicks and punches you can let out a loud yell. This can startle your opponent or audience which allows you to catch him or her off guard. Yelling also helps to tighten your stomach muscles and can protect you from your opponents attacks. In conclusion, Taekwondo is a great sport which includes both your mind and your body. Taekwondo is a lot of fun. Ive been taking Taekwondo for 2 months and have learned many of the techniques I have described to you today. I hope you have all learned something today on Taekwondo and I thank you for your attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech for Taekwondo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Speech for Taekwondo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Speech for Taekwondo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Can you ask the writer to address these questions Essay Example

Can you ask the writer to address these questions Essay Example Can you ask the writer to address these questions Essay Can you ask the writer to address these questions Essay Title: Discussion to be written on a paper. The practical conducted was based on the paper ofGoodwin et Al. 1972. 1,000 words To the client: I have read your paper and have to state that I think your preparatory work is first-class There are a few mistakes. The most noteworthy is on page 1 – I suspect that half manner down you intended to mention to the motor cerebral mantle instead than the motor corner of the encephalon! In the treatment subdivision I would really pass a just proportion of the subdivision discoursing the elements that you have chosen to set in the previous research subdivision as it is vitally relevant to your ain findings. But I have non utilised your word count in cannibalizing it myself. Because of this, instead than compose the treatments subdivision outright, I have specifically addressed the assorted elements that you requested Note:I would strongly urge reading the paper by Ogoh ( S et al 2002 ) which considers a different facet of cardinal control as you will reap a good penetration into both method and facets of possible prejudice in this type of probe. S. Ogoh, W. L. Wasmund, D. M. Keller, A. O-Yurvati, K. M. Gallagher * , J. H. Mitchell * and P. B. Raven 2002 Role of cardinal bid in carotid baroreflex resetting in worlds during inactive exercising Journal of Physiology ( 2002 ) ,543.1, pp. 349-364. Overall treatment The whole country of cardinal bid probe has been aided by the application of the EMG ( electromyograph ) to steel conductivity surveies. A typical bodily motor bid which arrives at the fringe via the alpha motor neurones can merely be effectual in the presence of appropriate facilitation from the spindle mechanism. The associated musculus shortening will be associated with a decrease in alpha neurone activity due to the unloading of the spindle unless spindle-shaped motor activity is maintains the spindle sensory nerve end product ( Leonard B et Al 1985 ) Adjustment of the spindle prejudice can be achieved by either the gamma system ( with a modulated form of activation based on the alpha form ) or from the group II tract which is capable of increasing inactive fusimotor end product. Although within the context of this probe, stairss were taken to avoid the influence of weariness it should be noted that these mechanisms help to keep spindle reactivity which can ensue from weariness ( every bit good as other modes such as unexpected burden alteration, motion obstructor or unexpected opposition ) . The other relevant factor here is the cardinal control of the overall motor capacity. In a planned motion there is an afferent signal to the spindle which signals the coveted motion flight and besides a signal to the extrafusal musculus that takes history of any intercurrent burden or weariness. Any unexpected burden alteration would ensue in an addition in sensory nerve discharges which may be either reflexly assisted or centrally modulated ( the alpha-gamma co-activation rule ) ( Asmussen E et Al 1965 ) Ideal experiment to prove this, i.e. cardinal bid? I’m non certain that this would be awfully utile as this is the whole push of the experiment that you have merely done Any accommodations made, any peculiar manner the equipment had to be used? There are restrictions with the polar bosom rate proctor which may overrate bosom rate ( due to potencies originating signifier immaterial muscular activity ) or undervalue it ( due to hapless contact ) . There is small uncertainty that the ECG proctor would hold reduced this possible restriction. ( Piantadosi S. 1997 ) There are restrictions with any assortment of mechanical measuring of gas although steps were clearly taken to cut down these mistakes by using a 30L clearance process on the gas analyzer ( Mohammed, D et al 2003 ) It was noted that the topics were able to increase their effort when the vibrator was removed because they were looking at the show screen and could therefore modify their voluntary input. It should be noted that the musculus spindles contribute to the proprioceptive and kinesthetic capablenesss of the cardinal perceptual experience of place. In the presence of quiver ( which selectively excites the primary terminations ) the cardinal control is reduced. This is manifest by the blindfolded topic bring forthing big scale positional mistakes in the proprioception of limbs in the presence of quiver. ( Henriksen et al 2003 ) Proprioception is non really lost but it is the length signal that appears to be wrongly calibrated centrally. It may good be that a alteration of the experiment to cut down this phenomenon could be adopted. Any restrictions in the consequences? Statistical reading of the consequences is clearly limited by the relatively little entry cohort. Small single fluctuations in little quality recorded fluctuations clearly become more important if there is non the power of Numberss of a big entry cohort to neutralize them. ( Leaverton PE. 1995 ) The 2nd factor was that there was no evident effort to standardize the physical features of the participants. ( Grimes DA 2002 ) . It could be a major confusing factor that a big musculus majority may be more or less antiphonal to cardinal control than a little musculus majority. ( I am non cognizant of any experimental work on this topic and this may hence be a utile point of treatment in your following header ) Any farther experiments we now wish we did that are executable? See remarks above Given the fact that there is grounds of cardinal control of modes such as external respiration, it would be of involvement to see whether other factors influenced the grade of that cardinal control. Given the fact that the experimental voluntaries were all undertaking regular exercise it is rather possible that the grade of stimulation of the external respiration mechanisms may be, in portion, a Pavlovian learned physiological reaction. It would be of involvement to compare those who exercised on a regular basis with those who took no exercising at all to look into whether there was any grade of addiction or acquisition which could hold modified the consequences. ( after Kazdin AE 1978 ) There is besides the possibility of associating the grade of mensural cardinal control to muscle majority or possibly proprioceptive abilities ( given the engagement of the spindle mechanism in both maps ) The 3rd component here is that you did non discourse how you came to make up ones mind that a frequence of 100Hz was either optimum or even likely to be effectual. There is considerable experimental grounds to demo how the spindle mechanism responds differentially to different frequence. You could reiterate the experiment at different vibrational frequences to see if the grade of cardinal control was measurably different. Extra mentions ASMUSSEN, E. , JOHANSEN, S. H. , JORGENSEN, M. A ; NIELSEN, M. ( 1965 ) . On the nervous factors commanding respiration and circulation during exercising. Experiments with curarization. Acta physiologica Scandinavica63, 343-350 Grimes DA, Schulz KF.2002 Cohort surveies: marching towards results. Lancet 2002 ; 359: 341-5 Henriksen and Kaplan 2003 Hindsight prejudice, result cognition and adaptative acquisition Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003 ; 12: 46 50. Kazdin AE 1978 History of Behavior Modification: Experimental foundations of modern-day research. Baltimore: University Park Press. 1978 Leaverton PE. 1995 A Review of Biostatistics. 5Thursdayerectile dysfunction. Boston: Little, Brown, 1995 LEONARD, B. , MITCHELL, J. H. , MIZUNO, M. , RUBE, N. , SALTIN, B. A ; SECHER, N. H. ( 1985 ) . Partial neuromuscular encirclement and cardiovascular responses to inactive exercising in adult male.Journal of Physiology359, 365-379 Mohammed, D Braunholtz, and T P Hofer 2003 The measuring of active mistakes: methodological issues Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003 ; 12: 8 12. Piantadosi S. 1997 Clinical Tests: A Methodologic Perspective. New York: John Wiley, 1997. # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 22.3.06 PDG word count ( 1,180 )

Characteristics of Capabilities and Resources of Carrefour

All groups (5 students in a group) should read Case Study Carrefour, and elaborate the following issues related to the Case with justifiable theories. 1. Since 2004, Carrefour has been in a re-launching process, because of a growing competition both on a worldwide level and in many specific country markets. Conduct a SWOT analysis for the group and discuss critically the multi format approach in this context. 2. Conduct General environment analysis with justifiable theories. 3. Conduct Industry environment analysis with justifiable theories. . Discuss the characteristics of capabilities and resources of Carrefour. 5. Briefly explain the three types of international corporate-level strategies with some relevant theories and then discuss critically about Carrefour’s adopted international corporate-level strategy. 6. Discuss the level of diversification in Carrefour with referring to financial statement analysis. 7. Discuss the Relationship between customers and each of Carrefour ’s business level strategies (business formats) in terms of who, what and how? 8. Based on problem statement and your analysis, give suggestion how Carrefour can achieve competitive advantages and above average return or sustain competitive advantages and above average return. Justify your answer based on relevant theories. Page 1 of 1 Resource: 1. Sources used for this case study include the web sites http://www. carrefour. fr and http://www. carrefour. com , and various annual and interim reports, investor relations presentations as well as explicitly cited sources. SUBMISSION INFORMATION The assignment must be completed by week 10. Late submission will be penalized. Please type the assignment in Times Roman 11/ Ariel 10 font, with one and half (1. 5) spacing (save paper) with numbered pages – The assignment should not be more than 15 pages. The cover page template for the report is given below. ALL facts in the assignment must be substantiated except those that are obviously common knowledge. This necessarily requires that the source of information be cited. For example, if a statement is made that the local economy is likely to get better or worse over the next five years, then the report MUST indicate the source of this expectation. RULES AND REGULATIONS †¢ †¢ You are assigned to complete this assignment as a group. You must write the assignment based on real information. SPECIFIC INFORMATION This assignment will be group work. If you cannot find a group, I will assign you to one of my choice. All the members of a group are required to contribute equally. If the contribution of the members is considerably unequal, you can agree on a different weighting scheme that reflects the contributions of each member. Lacking agreement, you will be asked to provide me with the details of each member’s contribution in writing, and I will decide the weights. Page 2 of 2

Summative Coursework Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Summative Coursework Assignment - Essay Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is dealing with various accounting principles and guidelines for undertaking the implementation of accounting practices. But on the other hand, financial accounting is also important for evaluating the profitability of the business entity. Accounting is a system used by the business entity to measure its financial performance. There are several branches of accounting are available, but among them both management and financial accounting is relevant. The main emphasis in management accounting is to establish the relationship between cause and effect of a particular activity. More over, it is multi disciplinary in nature, because it is a combination of several disciplines like financial accounting, cost accounting, statistics, etc. In this case, the net profit of the company is goes on increasing, but at the same time, the cash in hand is decreasing to certain extend. Cash is a critical asset, which plays an important role in business. Cash flow statement is a statement showing the change in cash position from one period to another. Because it is possible to identify the causes of changes in cash balance between the two balance sheet dates. While preparing cash flow statement mainly it is essential to consider both actual cash flows and notional cash flows. Cash Flow Statement For the year ended 2002 Particulars Amount (in m) Cash used in operation. Issue of shares. Cash generated Add: Opening cash balance Cash balance at the end (1) 6 5 4 9 Calculation of Cash from operation Particulars Amount (in m) Net profit Add: provision for taxation. Funds from operation. Add: decrease in debtors. Less: decrease in creditors. Cash used in operation. 4 6 10 8 18 (19) (1) Adjusted Profit and Loss Account Particulars Amount (in m) Particulars Amount (in m) Provision for taxation. Depreciation of FA (balancing figure) Closing balance 6 14 (6) Opening balance Funds from operation. 4 10 14 14 Workings:- Here, there is no disposal of assets takes place in the year 2001 and 2002, therefore the difference between the value of assets in both years are considered as the amount of depreciation, such as- [166_152] = 14m. Propose Dividend Account Particulars Amount (in m) Particulars Amount (in m) Cash (dividend paid) Closing balance 7 9 Opening balance. Balance transferred to Profit and loss account. 7 9 16 16 While preparing the cash flow statement of a business organization, it is possible to understand about the causes of changes in the cash flow position of a business unit. Through which, it is possible to identify that the reduction of cash balance inspite of increase in income or for increase of cash balance in spite of decrease in income. This statement consists of opening cash balance and all sources of cash and all applications of cash and ends with the closing balance of cash. More over, here the changes in current assets and current liabilities are adjusted in the amount of cash from operation. It is necessary for a firm to keep adequate amount of cash in hand for making immediate payments. The major responsibility of the financial manager is to plan cash and maintain adequate cash balance. A cash flow statement is considered as a summarized cash account. In addition to this,

The history of American technology Research Paper

The history of American technology - Research Paper Example It began to traffic on July 1, 1940, and radically crumpled into Puget Sound on November 7 of the same year. At the time of its erection (and its destruction), the bridge was the third lengthiest suspension bridge in the world in footings of main span length, following the Golden Gate Bridge and the George Washington Bridge. Erection of the bridge initiated in September 1938. From the time the deck was built, it started to move perpendicularly in windy situations, which made the construction workers to give the bridge the nickname Galloping Gertie. Collapse of the bridge There were no causalities in the failure of the bridge. Tubby, a black male cocker spaniel was the only mortality of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge catastrophe; he was missing along with Coatsworth's car. Professor Farquharson and a news photojournalist tried to save Tubby during a lull, but the dog was overly frightened to leave the car and bit one of the saviours (â€Å"Bridges†, 2001). Tubby deceased when the br idge tumbled, and neither his body nor the car were ever retrieved (Peters, 1987). Coatsworth had been driving Tubby back to his daughter, who possessed the dog. Coatsworth received US$450.00 for his car and US$364.40 in compensation for the contents of his car, counting Tubby. Why did it collapse? The chief clarification of Galloping Gertie's catastrophe is termed as "torsional flutter." It will help to break this complex series of occurrences into some stages. Here is a summary of the key points in the explanation. 1. In general, the 1940 Narrows Bridge had comparatively small resistance to torsional (twisting) forces. That was since; it had such a huge length-to-breadth ratio, 1 to 72. Gertie's long, narrow, and thin strengthening beams made the construction enormously flexible. 2. On the morning of November 7, 1940 just after 10 a.m., a serious event befell. The cable band at mid-span on the north, slithered. This permitted the cable to detach into two uneven parts. That contrib uted to the transformation from perpendicular (up-and-down) to torsional (twisting) driving of the bridge deck. 3. Also backing up to the torsional movement of the bridge deck was "vortex shedding." In short, vortex shedding arose in the Narrows Bridge as follows: (1) Wind disjointed as it hit the side of Galloping Gertie's deck, the 8-foot compact plate support. A minor amount of torsioning happened in the bridge deck, since even steel is elastic and varies from under high strain. (2) The turning bridge deck triggered the wind flow parting to surge. This fashioned a vortex, or spinning wind force, which additionally lifted and twisted the deck. (3) The deck construction repelled this lifting and twisting. It had an expected affinity to return to its earlier position. As it returned, its hastiness and direction corresponded with the lifting energy. In other words, it moved â€Å"in phase" with the vortex. Then, the wind fortified that movement. This shaped into a "lock-on" occurren ce. 4. But, the outside force of the wind only, was not adequate to instigate the severe twisting that caused the Narrows Bridge to fail. 5. Now the deck movement went into "torsional flutter." When the bridge’s motion altered from vertical to torsional oscillation, the construction absorbed extra wind energy. The bridge deck's

Scarlet Letter Essay - :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is six in the morning at an Arizona prison. A prisoner named Jonas has been awoken by the prison bell, which sounds more like a horn, and signals that it is time for the prisoners to awake. Jonas quickly gets up, makes his bed and then stands at the door of his cell awaiting a prison guard who will be doing the daily check of his cell. While waiting for the guard, Jonas thinks to himself about what his day will be like, but he soon realizes that it will be the same as the day before, and the day before that, and the day before that, and so on. Jonas then grows quickly depressed, for he realizes, as he always does, that his life is filled with repetition and he is trapped by it. Like Jonas, many characters in the novel, The Scarlet Letter, experience the feeling of being caught in one way or another . Among those characters are Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl Prynne and Hester Prynne. These characters are truly affected by entrapment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From beginning to end, many factors contribute to making Mr. Dimmesdale feel trapped in one way or another. To start, he is trapped in silence and pain. His need to be silent and the pain that he feels because of it, is shown when he says to Hester Prynne, in front of the town,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester Prynne, ... I charge thee to speak out the name of thy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer! Be not silent from any mistaken   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pity and tenderness for him; for, believe me, Hester, though he   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   were to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   guilty heart through life. What can thy silence do for him , except   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   it tempt him-yea, compel him, as it were-to add hyprocisy to sin?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Heaven hath granted thee an open ignominy, that thereby thou   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   mayest work out an open triumph over evil within thee, and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sorrow without. Take heed how thou deniest to him-who   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   perchance, hath not the courage to grasp it for himself - the bitter,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wholesome, cup that is now presented to thy lips! (Hawthorne, 62). The town does not know it yet, but Mr. Dimmesdale is Hester Prynne’s fellow sinner.

Marketing Metrics Answers

Metrics Mastery Worksheets are designed to be in class exercises that your students can work on in class. This is a master document that provides all worksheets questions and answers. You can modify or change it as needed in order to prepare one page two sided exercises for your students to hand out in class. You can also easily turn the answers into powerpoint slides to review the answers in class. Table of Contents Worksheet: Metric 1 Expense Types2 Worksheet: Metric 2 Percentage Change5 Worksheet: Metric 3 Market Share & Market Analytics8 Worksheet: Metric 4 Contribution Margin11Worksheet: Metric 5 Mark-up & Margin14 Worksheet: Metric 6 Pricing Wholesale to Retail17 Worksheet: Metric 7 Break-Even20 Worksheet: Metric 8 Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI)23 Worksheet: Metric 1 Expense Types 1) The Comfy Chair Company makes reclining chairs at its plant and sells them exclusively through its own retail store. It has the following expenses: Plant rent and taxes = $12,000. 00 Office and management expenses = $220,000. 00 Machinery and equipment purchased = $100,000. 00 Direct materials = $27. 00/chair Direct labour = 4 hours/chair @ $14. 00/hour Transportation = $5. 0/chair Commercial store front unit purchase = $500,000. 00 Advertising costs = $100,000. 00 Sales staff wages before commissions = $250,000. 00 Commission = $12. 00/chair a) Identify the Comfy Chair Company’s variable costs. b) What is the total cost to produce and sell each reclining chair? c) Identify the Comfy Chair Company’s fixed costs. d) What are the total fixed costs? e) Identify the one-time fixed costs incurred by the Comfy Chair Company. f) What are the total one-time fixed costs? Answer: (a)Direct materials = $27. 00/chair Direct labour = 4 hours/chair @ $14. 0/hour Transportation = $5. 00/chair Commission = $12. 00/chair (b)$100. 00/chair (c)Plant rent and taxes = $12,000. 00 Office and management expenses = $220,000. 00 Advertising costs = $100,000. 00 Sales staff wages = $250,000. 00 (d)$582,000. 00 (e)Machinery and equipment purchased = $100,000. 00 Commercial store front unit = $500,000. 00 (f)$600,000. 00 2) Thompson Toiletries, Inc. has developed an addition to its mens’ cologne line tentatively branded Ode d’Toad Cologne. It costs 45 cents to produce each 60mL bottle, and heavy advertising expenditures in the first year would cost $900,000.Ode d’Toad Cologne is priced at $7. 50 for a 60mL bottle. a) What is the variable cost per unit to produce a bottle of Ode d’Toad? b) What are the total fixed costs to produce and sell Ode d’Toad? Answer: (a)Variable cost per unit = $0. 45 (b)Total fixed costs = $900,000 3) Executives of Radical Recordings Ltd. produced an album entitled Sunshine/Moonshine by the Starshine Sisters Band. The cost and price information was as follows: |Album cover |$1. 00 | |Songwriter’s royalties |$0. 0 | |Recording artist’s royalties |$0. 70 | |Direct material and labour cost s to produce each album |$1. 00 | |Cost of producing the album (studio fee, advertising, promotional|$100,000. 00 | |expenses, etc) | | |Selling price |$7. 00 | ) Identify the variable costs, and amounts, that go into producing each album b) Identify the fixed costs, and amount, for producing the album Answer: a) Variable costs: Album cover$1. 00 Songwriter’s royalties$0. 30 Recording artist’s royalties$0. 70 Direct material and labout$1. 00 Total Variable Cost per Unit$3. 00 b) Fixed costs: Cost of producing the album = Total Fixed Costs = $100,000. 00 4) You are the owner of a travel agency that sells trips to university students. You are creating a package to sell an overnight trip to Blue Mountain. Identify the fixed and variable costs associated with the package ased on the information below. After identifying the costs, calculate the total cost based on 3 full busses of students. The package will include ski lift tickets, access to a VIP party and one night†™s hotel accommodation. It will cost you $300 to print 1,000 full colour posters and another $400 to purchase party supplies for the VIP Party. Each room costs $80 per night, with four people per room. A bus holds 40 people and the bus company will charge you $500 per bus. The ski hill is offering you a rate of $20 per ski lift pass. You also know that you need to purchase a ? page ad in the campus paper at a cost of $100 per week for 6 weeks. Variable Costs |Total |Fixed Costs |Total | |(description & Unit Cost) | |(Description) | | |Busses ($500/bus) |$1500 |Posters |$300 | |Hotel Rooms ($80/room) |$2400 |Party Supplies |$400 | |Ski lift passes ($20/pass) |$2400 |Newspaper ad ($100/wk) |$600 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Variable Costs |$6300 |Total Fixed Costs |$1300 | Worksheet: Metric 2 Percentage Change 1) Ed’s is a small deli, which has had great success in its second year of operation. Revenues in Year 2 are $570,000, compared with $380,000 in Year 1. What is Ed’s year-over-year sales growth rate? Answer: Year-over-Year Sales Growth = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($570,000 – $380,000) / $380,000 * 100% = 50% 2) A pair of jeans that normally sells for $75 is marked down 30% and then reduced at the cash register another 10%?Is this a total reduction of 40%? If not, what is the percent reduction? Answer: Let Price 1 be the initial price of $75, let Price 2 be the price after the 30% mark down, and Price 3 be the price after additional 10% reduction at the cash register. Initial Reduction = -30% = (Price 2 – Price 1) / Price 1 -0. 3 = (Price 2 – $75) / $75 -0. 3 * $75 = Price 2 – $75 Price 2 = -0. 3 * $75 + $75 = $52. 50 Second Reduction = -10% = (Price 3 – Price 2) / Price 2 -0. 1 = (Price 3 – $52. 50) / $52. 50 -0. 1 * $52. 50 = Price 3 – $52. 50 Price 3 = -0. 1 * $52. 50 + $52. 50 = $47. 25 Total Percent Reduction = (Price 3 – Price 1) / Price 1 * 100% = ($47. 5 – $75) / $75 * 100% = 37% 3) A small retain chain posts impressive percentage growth figures, moving from $58 million to $107 million in sales from one year to the next. Despite this dynamic growth, however, analysts cast doubt on the firm’s business model, warning that its existing stores’ growth measure suggests that its concept is failing. Based on the chart below, and assuming that stores were opened on the first day of Years 1 and 2: What is the retail chain’s year-over-year sales growth rate? What is the year-over-year sales growth or decrease for each store, as appropriate? What is the same store (existing and not expansion) year-over-year growth? Store |Opened |Revenue Year 1 (millions) |Revenue Year 2 (millions) | |A |Year 1 |$10 |$9 | |B |Year 1 |$19 |$20 | |C |Year 1 |$20 |$15 | |D |Year 1 |$9 |$11 | |E |Year 2 |n/a |$15 | |F |Year 2 |n/a |$12 | |G |Year 2 |n/a |$7 | |H |Year 2 |n/a |$18 | | | |$58 |$107 | Answer:Chain-wide Year-over-Year Sales Growth = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($107 – $58) / $58 = 84. 5% Store A Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($9 – $10) / $10 = -10% Store B Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($20 – $19) / $19 = 5. 26% Store C Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($15 – $20) / $20 = -25% Store D Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($11 – $9) / $9 = 22. 22% Same Store Sales Year 1 = $10 + $19 + $20 + $9 = $58 million Same Store Sales Year 2 = $9 + $20 + $15 + $11 = $55 million Same Store Year-over-Year Growth = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($55 – $58) / $58 = – 5. 17% ) Do you agree with the analysts’ position regarding the retail chain in question 3, why or why not? If you were the owner of the retail chain would you continue to open stores? If not what would you do? Answer: – Agree with the analysts. Existing stores sales decreased from Year 1 to Year 2; growth declined 5. 17%. – I would not continue to open stores. I would address the decline in revenue / find out why the stores have negative growth in year 2. Worksheet: Metric 3 Market Share & Market Analytics Use the industry overview below to answer the questions that follow: Mobile Phones in the United States The mobile phone market in the United States covers the sales of mobile phone devices, smart phones, and PDAs (personal digital assistants).Table X below provides the annual sales volume of mobile phones from 2004 to 2009. Table XX details the market share of the top handset manufacturers. Table 1: US Mobile Phones: Sales Volume & Value 2004-2009 | |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 | |‘000 units |66,556. 1 |87,543. 1 |110,228. 1 |120,629. 4 |130,309. 9 |134,673. 5 | |US$ bn |4. 1 |5. 4 |6. 9 |8. 3 |10. 1 |10. 6 | Table 2: Mobile Phones Company Shares 2005-2009 % retail revenue share |2 005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 | |Samsung America Inc |15. 7 |15. 1 |17. 3 |22. 1 |25. 4 | |L. G. Electronics USA |15. 9 |16. 5 |15. 2 |20. 6 |21. 5 | |Motorola Inc |30. 4 |34. 8 |33. 5 |22. 8 |16. 4 | |Kyocera International Inc |5. 4 |4. 9 |4. 0 |9. 2 |9. 9 | |Research in Motion Ltd |0. 7 |1. 1 |2. |6. 0 |9. 0 | |Apple Inc |- |- |- |4. 9 |7. 4 | |Nokia United States |15. 4 |18. 1 |12. 5 |7. 5 |6. 5 | |Sanyo North America Corp |4. 3 |4. 2 |4. 5 |- |- | |Apple Computer Inc |- |- |1. 4 |- |- | |Others |12. 1 |5. |9. 0 |6. 9 |3. 8 | |Total |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 | 1) What is the annual 2009 revenue in dollars of the top 4 mobile phone companies? Answer: Revenue Market Share (%) = Revenue ($) / Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Revenue ($) = Revenue Market Share (%) * Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Samsung America Inc: Revenue = 25. 4% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 254 * $10. 6 billion = $2. 6924 billion L. G. Electronics USA: Revenue = 21. 5% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 215 * $10. 6 bill ion = $2. 279 billionMotorola Inc: Revenue = 16. 4% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 164 * $10. 6 billion = $1. 7384 billion Kyocera International Inc: Revenue = 9. 9% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 099 * $10. 6 billion = $1. 0494 billion 2) If the performance of the US mobile phone market is expected to continue to grow from 2009 to 2012 at a rate of 5% per year, what will the size of the market be by the end of 2012? Answer: Revenue 2009 = $10. 6 billion Revenue 2010 = Revenue 2009 + 5% * Revenue 2009 = $10. 6 billion + 0. 05 * $10. 6 billion = $10. 6 billion + $0. 53 billion = $ 11. 13 billion Revenue 2011 = Revenue 2010 + 5% * Revenue 2010 = $11. 13 billion + 0. 05 * $11. 13 billion = $11. 3 billion + $0. 5565 billion = $11. 6865 billion Revenue 2012 = Revenue 2011 + 5% * Revenue 2011 = $11. 6865 billion + 0. 05 * $11. 6865 billion = $11. 6865 billion + $0. 584325 billion = $12. 270825 billion = $12. 271 billion 3) Large retail chains form a leading distribution channel in the US mobile phone marke t, accounting for 28% of the total value in 2009. In comparison, wireless service providers account for 23%, independent retailers 15%, and other sources account for 32%. Based on the 2009 revenues for the mobile phone market in the US, what is the share of revenue in dollars for each of the different distribution channels? Answer:Revenue Market Share (%) = Revenue ($) / Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Revenue ($) = Revenue Market Share (%) * Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Large Retail Chains: Revenue = 28% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 28 * $10. 6 billion = $2. 968 billion Wireless Service Providers: Revenue = 23% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 23 * $10. 6 billion = $2. 438 billion Independent Retailers: Revenue = 15% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 15 * $10. 6 billion = $1. 590 billion Other: Revenue = 32% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 32 * $10. 6 billion = $3. 392 billion 4) Calculate the Three Firm Concentration Ratio and the Herfindahl Index for the US Mobile Phone market (using 2009 market share values).What can you infer about the market concentration from these two metrics? Answer: Three Firm Concentration Ratio = 25. 4% + 21. 5% + 16. 4% = 63. 3% Herfindahl Index = Sum ([market share)(2] = Sum (. 254(2 + . 215(2 + . 164(2 + . 099(2 + . 090(2 + .074(2 + . 065(2 + . 038(2) = 0. 167 With the top 3 companies accounting for 63. 3% of the market and a Herfindahl Index of 0. 167 the market is not highly concentrated. 5) You have just become the Director of Retail Sales for a large US retail chain. What impact will the growing sales of mobile phones have on your business? Answer: – With a 5% increase per year, impact will be minor. Large retail chains sell thousands of products. There will likely be a similar increase in related products, such as chargers, skins, cases, travel chargers, prepaid phone cards, etc. – There may be a need to increase inventory levels and shelf space devoted to mobile phones and related products – There may be a slight increase in consumer flow i nto stores, which would affect cross and upselling other products to consumers walking in for mobile phones. Worksheet: Metric 4 Contribution Margin 1) Mohan, an artist, draws caricatures on the waterfront pier. It costs him approximately $5 in materials (paper and markers) for each caricature he makes. He sells each caricature for $20. Calculate the contribution margin in terms of dollars and percent. Answer: Contribution Margin ($) = Revenue – COGS = $20 – $5 = $15Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)] * 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sale Price per Unit] *100% = [($20 – $5) / $20] * 100% = [$15 / $20] * 100% = 0. 75 * 100% = 75% 2) The Hotel Grill Bar sells a set lunch for $12. The food cost of sales used in producing each set lunch is $5. Additional variable costs are $3 per lunch. The fixed costs of the restaurant are $3 per meal. What is the contribution margin expressed in dollars a nd percent? Variable Expenses = $5 + $3 = $8 Contribution Margin ($) = Revenue – Variable Expense = $12 – $8 = $4Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)] * 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sale Price per Unit] * 100% = [($12 – $8) / $12] * 100% = $4 / $12 * 100% = 0. 33 * 100% = 33. 3% 3) You are an online retailer of CDs, promoting sales via a ‘no postage and packaging’ offer. You purchase your CDs from record companies for $18. 75. Packaging and a padded envelope cost $1. 00 per CD; and postage is $2. 00. If you sell the CDs for $25 what is your contribution margin in dollars and percent? Variable Expenses = $18. 75 + $1. 00 + $2. 00 = $21. 75Contribution Margin ($) = Revenue – Variable Expense = $25 – $21. 75 = $3. 25 Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)] * 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sa le Price per Unit] * 100% = [($25 – $21. 75) / $25] * 100% = [$3. 25 / $25] * 100% = 0. 13 * 100% = 13% 4) You are the owner of an exclusive nightclub that is considering holding a New Year’s Eve party. You have determined that you need a minimum contribution margin of 40% in order to turn a profit for a single night event at your club.Additionally, in hosting all-you-can-eat and all-you-can-drink events in the past, you know that the food cost is $20 per person and the beverage cost is $17 per person. Finally, the house band charges a fee of $5 per person in attendance. What should you charge for a ticket? Answer: Variable Expenses = Food + Beverage + Band = $20 + $17 + $5 = $42 Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)]* 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sale Price per Unit] * 100% 40% = [(Sale Price per Unit – $42) / Sale Price per Unit] * 100% 0. 0 * Sale Price per Unit = Sale Price per Unit – $42 $42 = Sale Price per Unit – 0. 4 * Sale Price per Unit $42 = (1 – 0. 4) * Sale Price Per Unit Sale Price per Unit = $42 / 0. 6 Sale Price per Unit = $70 5) As the owner of the nightclub in question 4, you learn that a neighbouring nightclub is selling tickets for their New Year’s Eve party at $60/ticket, which is making your event less attractive. Should you lower your ticket price to match theirs given the variable costs in question 4 and knowing that your fixed costs will be $20/person? If not, why not and what might you do to increase tickets sales? Answer: No. The nightclub would lose $2 per ticket sold if they matched the neighbouring club’s price.To increase sales: – Reduce ticket price and reduce variable costs (lower priced food, drink, band) – Ensure that event is differentiated in a way that justifies the premium ticket price – Perhaps the other club is not offering all-you-can-eat or all-you-can-drink, or the b and is not as well-known, if that’s the case, ensure that your potential customers are aware of the differences Worksheet: Metric 5 Mark-up & Margin 1) A computer software retailer uses a markup rate of 40%. If the retailer pays $25 each for computer games sold in its stores, how much do the games sell for? Answer: The markup is 40% of the $25 cost, so the markup is: (0. 0) * ($25) = $10 Then the selling price, being the cost plus markup, is: $25 + $10 = $35 Therefore the games sell for $35. 2) A golf pro shop pays its wholesaler $40 for a certain club, and then sells that club to golfers for $75. What is the retail markup rate? Answer: The gross profit in dollars is calculated as sales price less cost: $75 – $40 = $35 The markup rate is then calculated: Markup (%) = Gross Profit / Cost *100 = $35 / $40 *100 = 87. 5% 3) A shoe store uses a 40% markup on cost. Find the cost of a pair of shoes that sells for $63. Answer: The cost of the shoes is calculated as follows: Se lling Price = Cost + Markup ($) Cost + (Markup (%) * Cost) $63 = Cost + (40% * Cost) $63 = Cost + (0. 4 * Cost) $63 = (1 + 0. 4) * Cost $63 = 1. 4 * Cost Cost = $63 / 1. 4 = $45 4) In 2009, Donna Manufacturing sold 100,000 widgets for $5 each, with a cost of goods sold of $2. What is the company’s margin? Identify a way that Donna Manufacturing can increase its profit margin? Answer: First we have to calculate the gross profit: Gross Profit = Selling Price – Cost of Goods Sold = $5 – $2 = $3 Now we can calculate the margin: Margin (%) = Gross Profit / Sales * 100 = $3 / $5 * 100 = 60% Ways to increase the profit margin: – Decrease cost of material – Decrease cost of manufacturing Increase sales price per unit – Decrease COGS 5) If a product costs $100 and is sold with a 25% markup at a retail store, what would be the retailer’s margin on the product? What should be the markup and selling price if the retailer desires a 25% margin? Why might the retailer be seeking to increase their margin? Answer: a) To calculate the margin, we first have to determine the sales price: Markup ($) = Markup (%) * Cost = 25% * $100 = $25 Selling Price = Cost + Markup ($) = $100 + $25 = $125 Margin (%) = Markup / Price * 100 = $25 / $125 * 100 = 20% Therefore the retailer’s margin would be 20% when the product is sold at a 25% markup. ) To calculate the markup and selling price at a 25% margin: Selling Price = Cost / (1 – Margin (%)) = $100 / (1 – 25%) = $100 / (1 – 0. 25) = $133. 33 Markup ($) = Selling Price – Cost = $133. 33 – $100 = $33. 33 Markup (%) = Markup ($) / Cost * 100 = $33. 33 / $100 * 100 = 33. 33% Therefore to obtain 25% margins, the product would have to be sold at $133. 33 with a markup of 33. 33%. c) Reasons for increase include: – Increase in fixed costs (rent, tax, commission, wages, etc. ) – Increase in demand and/or decrease in supply – Other compet itors/retailers charge more for the product and the higher margin is a result of increasing sales price to match Worksheet: Metric 6 Pricing Wholesale to Retail ) You are a manufacturer of widgets that sells your products to a wholesaler who in turn sells directly to retailers. You have developed a new widget and you know that your competition’s product retails for $23 in hardware stores. You know yours is slightly better, and are pretty sure your product could sell for $27. Assuming a retail margin of 33. 3% and a wholesale margin of 25%, what is the wholesaler’s selling price, and how much can you sell the widgets to the wholesaler for? Answer: If the suggested retail price of the widget is $27, then: Wholesaler Selling Price ($) = Retail Selling Price * [1 – Retail Margin (%)] = $27 * (1 – 33. 3%) $27 * (1 – 0. 333) = $18. 00 Manufacturer Selling Price = Wholesale Selling Price * [1 – Wholesale Margin] = $18. 00 * (1 – 25%) = $18. 00 * (1 – 0. 25) = $13. 50 2) As a small appliance manufacturer, your cost to manufacture and package your coffee maker is $10/unit. You want this to be a cash cow, so you decide to sell the coffee maker to your wholesaler for $19/unit. You know that the wholesaler’s margin is 25%, and that retailers typically take 33. 3% margins on small appliances. What will your coffee maker retail for rounded to the nearest whole number? Answer: Manufacturer Selling Price = Wholesale Selling Price * [1 – Wholesale Margin]Wholesale Selling Price = Manufacturer Selling Price / [1 – Wholesale Margin] = $19 / (1 – 25%) = $19 / (1 – 0. 25) = $25. 33 Wholesale Selling Price = Retail Selling Price * [1 – Retail Margin] Retail Selling Price = Wholesale Selling Price / [1 – Retail Margin] = $$25. 33 / (1 – 33. 3%) = $25. 33 / (1 – 0. 333) = $37. 98 Therefore the coffee maker will retail for $38. 00 3) A bearing manufacturer buys raw ma terials for $0. 50 per unit, turns the raw materials into a roller bearing, and then sells the bearings to a wholesaler for $1. 00 per unit. The wholesaler then sells the bearings to retailers for $2. 00 per unit, and finally consumers buy the bearings for $3. 00 per unit.What is the per unit margin in dollars for the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer? What is the percentage margin for the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer? What is the per unit margin in dollars and percentage margin for the entire chain? Answer: (a) Manufacturer margin ($) = $1. 00 – $0. 50 = $0. 50 Wholesaler margin ($) = $2. 00 – $1. 00 = $1. 00 Retailer margin ($) = $3. 00 – $2. 00 = $1. 00 (b)Manufacturer margin (%) = $0. 50 / $1. 00 * 100 = 50% Wholesaler margin (%) = $1. 00 / $2. 00 * 100 = 50% Retailer margin (%) = $1. 00 / $3. 00 * 100 = 33. 3% (c)Chain margin ($) = $3. 00 – $0. 50 = $2. 50 Chain margin (%) = $2. 50 / $3. 00 * 100 = 83. 3% 4) If the raw material cost goes up by $0. 5 per unit for the bearing manufacturer in question 3, what will be the retail price charged to consumers if all members in the chain maintain the same percent margin? What is the effect of the raw material increase to the consumer? Why is it important to understand channel margins and pricing practices? Answer: (a) Manufacturer margin = 50% Wholesaler margin = 50% Retailer margin = 33. 3% Raw material cost = $0. 50 + $0. 25 = $0. 75 Manufacturer margin = (Price – Cost) / Price * 100 50 = (Price – $0. 75) / Price *100 0. 5 * Price = Price – $0. 75 $0. 75 = Price – 0. 5 * Price $0. 75 = Price (1 – 0. 5) Price = $0. 75 / 0. 5 = $1. 50 Therefore the manufacturer sells the bearings for $1. 50 Wholesaler margin = (Price – Cost) / Price * 100 50 = (Price – $1. 0) / Price *100 0. 5 * Price = Price – $1. 50 $1. 50 = Price – 0. 5 * Price $1. 50 = Price (1 – 0. 5) Price = $1. 50 / 0. 5 = $3. 00 Therefore the whol esaler sells the bearings for $3. 00 Retailer margin = (Price – Cost) / Price * 100 33. 3 = (Price – $3. 00) / Price *100 0. 333 * Price = Price – $3. 00 $3. 00 = Price – 0. 333 * Price $3. 00 = Price (1 – 0. 333) Price = $3. 00 / 0. 667 = $4. 50 Therefore the retailer sells the bearings for $4. 50 (b) The price has increased by $1. 50 to the consumer (or 50% increase). (c) To evaluate the effects of price changes within the channel to the end consumer. Worksheet: Metric 7 Break-Even ) Apprentice Mousetraps wants to know how many units of its â€Å"Magic Mouse Trapper† it must sell to break even. The product sells for $20. It costs $5 per unit to make. The company’s fixed costs are $30,000. Answer: Break-Even Volume (#) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution per Unit ($) Contribution per Unit = Sales Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit = $20 – $5 = $15 Break-Even Volume (#) = $30,000 / $15 = 2,000 mousetraps 2) Apprentice Mousetraps wants to know how many dollars’ worth of its â€Å"Deluxe Mighty Mouse Trapper† it must sell to break even. The product sells for $40 per unit. It costs $10 per unit to make. The company’s fixed costs are $30,000. Answer:Break-Even Revenue ($) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution Margin (%) Contribution Margin (%) = Contribution per Unit / Selling Price per Unit Contribution per Unit ($) = Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit = $40 – $10 = $30 Contribution Margin (%) = $30 / $40 * 100 = 75% Break-Even Revenue ($) = $30,000 / 75% = $40,000 -OR- Break-Even Revenue ($) = Break-Even Volume (#) * Price per Unit ($) Break-Even Volume (#) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution per Unit ($) Contribution per Unit = Sales Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit = $40 – $10 = $30 Break-Even Volume (#) = $30,000 / $30 = 1,000 units Break-Even Revenue ($) = 1,000 * $40 = $40,000 3) John’s Clothing Store employs three salespeople.It gene rates annual sales of $1 million and an average contribution margin of 30%. Rent is $50,000. Each sales person costs $50,000 per year in salary and benefits. How much would sales have to increase for John to break even on hiring an additional salesperson? Answer: If the additional fixed cost of a salesperson is $50,000 and with an average contribution margin of 30%, then: Break-Even Revenue ($) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution Margin (%) = $50,000 / 30% = $166,666. 67 Therefore sales would have to increase by $166,666. 67 for John to break even on hiring an additional salesperson. 4) A corn farmer wishes to identify how many bushels of corn he must sell to cover his fixed cost at a given price.The farmer has costs consisting of $500 in real estate taxes, $700 interest on a bank loan, and $800 in other fixed expenses. The variable cost per bushel is $1, and covers labour, corn seed, herbicides and pesticides. If the price per bushel is $2, how many bushels must he sell to break even? Answer: Break-Even Volume (#) = Fixed Costs / Contribution per Unit Fixed Costs = $500 + $700 + $800 = $2000 Contribution per Unit ($) = Price – Variable Cost per Unit = $2 – $1 = $1 Break-Even Volume (#) = $2000 / $1 = 2000 bushels 5) If the farmer in question 4 sells only enough bushels to break even, what is his annual profit? Identify two ways the farmer could increase his annual profit.Answer: Farmer’s annual profit = $0. The farmer could increase his profit by: – Growing more corn – Increasing the price he charges per bushel – Reducing his costs: – Pay off loan or find lower interest rate – Reduce labour costs – Find lower seed costs – Find lower herbicide and pesticide costs – Changing to a more lucrative crop – Find alternative use for the land that offers a better return Worksheet: Metric 8 Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI) 1) A marketer is evaluating two marketing campaigns. It is esti mated that Campaign 1 would generate incremental revenues of $250,000, at an incremental cost of $50,000 and a contribution margin of 30%.Campaign 2 would generate incremental revenues of $50,000, at an incremental cost of $20,000 and a contribution margin of 50%. If the marketer is basing their decision solely on ROMI, which campaign should they go ahead with? Answer: ROMI for Campaign 1 is found by: ROMICampaign1 = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($250,000 * 30% – $50,000) / $50,000 = 50% ROMICampaign2 = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($50,000 * 50% – $20,000) / $20,000 = 25% Therefore the marketer should select Campaign 1. 2) A clothing retailer is considering investing in a newspaper advertising campaign to generate more sales.The campaign is expected to cost $3,000 in creative agency fees and $9,000 in circulation costs, while increasing revenues from $110,000 to $170,000. The retailer’s contribution margin averages 25%. What would be the return on the marketing investment of the newspaper campaign? Answer: Incremental Revenue = $170,000 – $110,000 = $60,000 Marketing Costs = $3,000 + $9,000 = $12,000 ROMI = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($60,000 * 25% – $12,000) / $12,000 = 25% 3) An alternative option for the clothing retailer (in the previous question) is to invest in a direct mail campaign targeting previous customers – only a fraction of the reach of the newspaper campaign .The cost of the direct mail campaign would be $1,000, but would only result in increasing revenues to $150,000. What is the return on marketing investment in this case? Answer: Incremental Revenue = $150,000 – $110,000 = $40,000 ROMI = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($40,000 * 25% – $1,000) / $1,000 = 900% 4) If the clothing retailer (in the previous questions) decides to execute both the newspaper and direct mail campaign what would be the combined return on marketing investment. Answer: Newspaper Incremental Revenue = $60,000 Direct Mail Incremental Revenue = $40,000 Total Incremental Revenue = $60,000 + $40,000 = $100,000 Total Cost = $12,000 + $1,000 = $13,000ROMI = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($100,000 * 25% – $13,000) / $13,000 = 92. 31% 5) Which campaign should the clothing retailer in the previous questions execute for maximum return on marketing investment? If the retailer is more concerned with maximizing revenue growth, should they execute the newspaper campaign, direct mail campaign or both? Why? Answer: a) Direct mail campaign (900% ROMI) as it is significantly greater than the newspaper campaign (25%) and combined execution (92. 31%). b) Execute both as the revenue increase is $100,000; greater than the $60,000 as a result of the newspaper campaign and the $40,000 as a result of the direct mail campaign .

The Respect of Soldiers Rank - 4852 Words

In the U.S. Military services, rank determines who gets to tell whom what to do. The higher one s rank the more authority (and responsibility) they have. U.S. Military personnel fall into one of three categories: (1) enlisted members, (2) warrant officers, and (3) commissioned officers. Warrant officers outrank all enlisted members, and commissioned officers outrank all warrant officers and enlisted members. Rank and pay grade are closely associated terms, but not quite the same. Pay grade is an administrative classification, associated with a member s pay. Rank is a title and denotes the member s level of authority and responsibility. An E-1 is the lowest enlisted pay grade. That person s rank is a Private in the Army and†¦show more content†¦military for the first time in 1817, when cadets at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., wore them on their sleeves. From West Point, chevrons spread to the Army and Marine Corps. The difference then was chevrons were worn points down until 1902, when Army and Marine Corps enlisted personnel switched to the present points up configuration.Navy and Coast Guard petty officers trace their insignia heritage to the British. Petty officers were assistants to the officers aboard ship. The title wasn t a permanent rank and the men served at the captain s pleasure. Petty officers lost their rank when the crew was paid off at the end of a voyage.In 1841, Navy petty officers received their first rank insignia -- an eagle perched on an anchor. Ratings -- job skills -- were incorporated into the insignia in 1866. In 1885, the Navy designated three classes of petty officers -- first, second and third. They added chevrons to designate the new ranks. The rank of chief petty officer was established in 1894.During World War II, the Army adopted technician grades. Technicians of a given grade earned the same pay and wore the same insignia as equivalent noncommissioned officers except for a small T centered under the chevrons. Technicians, despite the stripes, had no command authority over troops. This evolved into the specialist ranks, pay grades E-4 to E-7.Show MoreRelatedEssay The 7 Army Values and Malingering1450 Words   |  6 Pagessoldiers.† Duty, â€Å"Fulfill your obligations.† Respect, â€Å"Treat people as they should be treated.† Selfless Service, â€Å"Put the welfare of the nation, the Army and your subordinates above your own.† Honor, â€Å"Live up to the army values.† Integrity, â€Å"Do what’s right legally and morally.† and Personal Courage â€Å"Face fear, danger or adversity (physical or moral).† These seven Army values are taught to Soldiers in basic training and are reinforced through out a Soldier’s military career. 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